Chapter 4 Section 1 Modern American History Guided Reading and Review
While Malcolm X, Rosa Parks and of course Martin Luther King Jr. are all well-known leaders in America'southward civil rights movement, the accomplishments of that era were the work of more than just a few individuals. Thousands marched, organized, educated and more than to build a better society, and every bit a result, some leaders cruel by the wayside of many of today's history books. These are just some of the amazing civil rights leaders you may have never learned about.
Claudette Colvin
Although Rosa Parks may be famous for refusing to surrender her seat for a white man, Claudette Colvin stood her basis nine months earlier — and at the age of 15 rather than 42. She and three of her friends were sitting in a row when a white adult female boarded the bus, and the driver demanded that all four of them move. Three did. Claudette didn't.
She explained that it was her constitutional right to sit there. "It felt," Colvin afterward explained, "equally though Harriet Tubman'south hands were pushing me down on one shoulder and Sojourner Truth's hands were pushing me down on the other shoulder."
Colvin's books were knocked from her hands, and she was manhandled off the bus and later placed in jail before being bailed out by her parents. The National Association for the Advocacy of Coloured People (NAACP) considered promoting her equally a key figure in the fight confronting segregation, but it ultimately chose not to because she was a teenager. She too presently became pregnant, which organizers feared would distract from the broader struggle.
Nevertheless, along with Aurelia S. Browder, Susie McDonald and Mary Louise Smith, Colvin became one of four plaintiffs in the instance of Browder vs. Gayle, which saw Montgomery, Alabama'south motorbus policies thrown out as unconstitutional. Colvin moved to New York City 2 years later and became a nurse's aide.
Bayard Rustin
While Martin Luther Rex Jr. was the face of the civil rights rallies of the '60s, Bayard Rustin was the man backside the scenes who organized them. Raised by his teenage mother and Quaker grandparents, he was drawn to the Young Communists League while attending New York's Metropolis College during the 1930 because of their support for racial equality. However, he left when the Communist Political party shifted away from civil rights work after 1941. He and then joined the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), co-founded the Congress of Racial Equality (Core) and became an active campaigner for civil rights.
Rustin's accomplishments are almost too numerous to list. He participated in CORE's Journey of Reconciliation, the predecessor to the subsequently Freedom Rides that concluded bussing segregation, and ended up on a chain gang as a result. He used that feel to publish several newspaper articles that led to the reform of such gangs. In 1948, he went to India to run across Mahatma Gandhi's nonviolent practices in action, and he afterward traveled to Westward Africa to work with different colonial independence movements. He became a close counselor to Martin Luther Rex and played an instrumental role in everything from 1963'southward March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom to helping to typhoon King's Memoir, Step Toward Freedom.
Rustin became a target of J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI early because of his communist ties, and his 1953 conviction on charges of homosexual activeness acquired tension even with other civil rights leaders. All the same, Rustin continued his work, and in the 1980s, he finally opened up almost his sexuality. He played a key part in getting the NAACP to take activity against the AIDS crisis. He died in 1987.
Shirley Chisholm
Born to immigrant parents from British Guiana and Barbados, Shirley Chisholm graduated from Brooklyn College in 1946. She was an education consultant for New York City's daycare arrangement and was active in the NAACP before representing Brooklyn in the New York's land legislature from 1964 to 1968. She then achieved success on the national stage by winning election to the House of Representatives, where she remained until 1981. She was an agog opponent of the Vietnam State of war and a supporter of ballgame rights and the Equal Rights Amendment.
Chisholm was also both the commencement Black person and offset woman to run for the nomination of a major political party in the U.s.a.. Though she simply received 152 delegate votes at the 1972 Democratic National Convention, her run nevertheless foreshadowed even greater political accomplishments for women and people of color in the years and decades to come up.
Benjamin Mays
Martin Luther Male monarch Jr. once described Benjamin Mays as his "spiritual mentor." Born in 1894 Hezekiah and Louvenia Carter, who were erstwhile slaves, Mays grew up to become a doctorate from the Academy of Chicago and was ordained as a Baptist minister. He later on became president of Morehouse Higher.
While at Morehouse, Mays delivered weekly addresses at the college's chapel, and it was these speeches that first drew a immature Martin Luther King Jr. to him. Rex began meeting with Mays to discuss theology and world affairs afterward the weekly addresses, and Mays began to have Sunday dinners with the King family unit.
Mays went on to exist one of King's nearly prominent supporters. When mass arrests led King'south begetter to inquire him to step down as a leader in the Montgomery bus boycott, Mays vocally supported King'south conclusion not to do so. He gave the benediction at the March on Washington for Jobs and Liberty in 1963. Fifty-fifty after Rex's assassination, Mays continued to fight for civil rights and became the first Black president of the Atlanta Board of Education.
Nannie Helen Burroughs
Like Mays, Nannie Helen Burroughs' parents had experienced the horrors of slavery firsthand. Later on her father died, she and her mother moved to Washington D.C. Burroughs performed well in school, but despite her success, she was unable to find a chore as a public school teacher. As a issue, she decided to found her own school for Black American women without the means to pay for an teaching.
Some ceremonious rights leaders of the fourth dimension, such as Booker T. Washington, doubted Burroughs' ability to raise coin for the school. Because of donations from local black women and their families, nonetheless, Burroughs was withal successful, and the National Trade and Professional School for Women and Girls (NTPSG) in 1909 with the motto, "We specialize in the wholly incommunicable." At age 26, Burroughs was the first president.
The NTPSG was unusual in that it combined a classical education along with vocational skills meant to help blackness women find jobs in modern club. Black history was likewise a required grade, a largely unprecedented move for the time. While the original school only consisted of a pocket-sized farmhouse, in 1928, it grew to include a larger building with 12 classrooms and additional facilities. Burroughs died in 1961, only her efforts to provide education and opportunity regardless of race or gender paved the manner for farther efforts to secure civil rights.
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Source: https://www.reference.com/history/influential-civil-rights-leaders-fba3aa8663d7f466?utm_content=params%3Ao%3D740005%26ad%3DdirN%26qo%3DserpIndex